As global energy demand surges and commitments to reduce carbon emissions intensify, the solar photo
Introduction As global energy demand surges and commitments to reduce carbon emissions intensify, the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is at a pivotal juncture. Traditional silicon-based solar panels have achieved remarkable efficiencies, but nearing their theoretical limits, prompting researchers and industry leaders to explore advanced technologies. Among these, multi-junction solar cells are garnering significant attention for …